急求英文高手翻译一段摘要有关夹具设计的

东机近幕通ykh 2009-05-07 02:47:12 400 浏览

Abstract In this paper， the general situation of research on agile fixture design is summarized and the achievements and deficiencies in the field of case-based fixture design are pointed out. There are no correlative case bases and match... Abstract In this paper， the general situation of research on agile fixture design is summarized and the achievements and deficiencies in the field of case-based fixture design are pointed out. There are no correlative case bases and matching mechanisms during the period from establishing the fixture planning to designing the fixture in currently used case-based fixture design systems. Thus a great amount of experience of fixture design is wasted and cannot be re-used， which reduces design efficiency and violates the original intention of case-based reasoning methods. In order to realize agility of fixture design， including re-configurability， re-scalability and re-usability， in this paper， a re-configurable agile fixture element base and an element assembly relation base are established. Using these two bases， the fixture structure is function-based decomposed， which makes it easy for an agile fixture to be re-configured and modified. Furthermore， a whole case-based agile fixture design model is presented， in which three modules are introduced， including the evaluation of the similarity of fixture planning， conflict arbitration and the modification of an agile fixture case. The three modules can be used to solve a problem where experience and design results cannot be re-used in the process of fixture design. Against the agile fixture design model， the evaluation method is put forward to evaluate the similarity in various phases. However， a similar case in the base could not generally meet the actual requirement and resolve the conflict between the similar case and the actual condition. Thus three methods， including a local restriction-relaxed method， a function-based conflict arbitration method and a case-based conflict arbitration method， are presented to clear up the conflict and could be used to modify the case to obtain an approach to a design result. Finally， an agile fixture design example is presented. The result demonstrates that the case-based agile fixture design approach can improve re-usability and design efficiency. Keywords: Agile fixture design; Case-based reasoning; Modeling 展开

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月殇忒忒rei 2009-05-08 00:00:00

摘要摘要研究概况的基础上，总结了敏捷夹具设计的成就和不足的领域指出了夹具的设计实例。没有相关的案例基地和匹配机制建立的期间夹具设计规划固定在目前使用的案例夹具设计系统。如此大量的经验的夹具设计是浪费了，不能被重用，从而降低了设计效率和违反本意基于实例推理的方法。为了实现敏捷的夹具设计，并在此基础上，可重新安装敏捷夹具元件基地和元素装配关系建立基地。利用这两根、带卯的座、夹具结构分解，从而使它容易被灵活的夹具和修改。此外，整个案例敏捷夹具设计模型，提出了三个模块进行了较为详细的介绍，包括评估的相似性夹具规划、冲突仲裁和修改一个灵活的夹具的案例。这三个模块也可以被用来解决问题的经验和设计结果不能在这个过程中，重复夹具设计。对夹具设计模式，灵活的评价方法，提出了评价相似在各种不同的发展阶段。然而，一个类似的案件中不可能满足实际需要，一般解决冲突类似的情况和实际情况。这样的三种方法，包括当地r冲突法仲裁方法及推理的方法，给出了冲突仲裁的冲突，并可用来修改这个案件能够获得方法设计的结果。Z后，一个灵活的夹具设计的例子。实验结果表明，该案例敏捷夹具设计方法能够提高设计效率。关键词:敏捷夹具设计;基于实例推理、建模

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急求英文高手翻译一段摘要有关夹具设计的: Abstract In this paper， the general situation of research on agile fixture design is summarized and the achievements and deficiencies in the field of case-based fixture design are pointed out. There are no correlative case bases and match... Abstract In this paper， the general situation of research on agile fixture design is summarized and the achievements and deficiencies in the field of case-based fixture design are pointed out. There are no correlative case bases and matching mechanisms during the period from establishing the fixture planning to designing the fixture in currently used case-based fixture design systems. Thus a great amount of experience of fixture design is wasted and cannot be re-used， which reduces design efficiency and violates the original intention of case-based reasoning methods. In order to realize agility of fixture design， including re-configurability， re-scalability and re-usability， in this paper， a re-configurable agile fixture element base and an element assembly relation base are established. Using these two bases， the fixture structure is function-based decomposed， which makes it easy for an agile fixture to be re-configured and modified. Furthermore， a whole case-based agile fixture design model is presented， in which three modules are introduced， including the evaluation of the similarity of fixture planning， conflict arbitration and the modification of an agile fixture case. The three modules can be used to solve a problem where experience and design results cannot be re-used in the process of fixture design. Against the agile fixture design model， the evaluation method is put forward to evaluate the similarity in various phases. However， a similar case in the base could not generally meet the actual requirement and resolve the conflict between the similar case and the actual condition. Thus three methods， including a local restriction-relaxed method， a function-based conflict arbitration method and a case-based conflict arbitration method， are presented to clear up the conflict and could be used to modify the case to obtain an approach to a design result. Finally， an agile fixture design example is presented. The result demonstrates that the case-based agile fixture design approach can improve re-usability and design efficiency. Keywords: Agile fixture design; Case-based reasoning; Modeling 展开

翻译一段纳米材料的摘要(1): Abstract Nanomaterials and nanotechnology have been hot issues during the recent decades. This thesis deals with the fabrication and engineering of novel nanomaterials with enhanced functionality， particularly nanocomposites and nanostruc... Abstract Nanomaterials and nanotechnology have been hot issues during the recent decades. This thesis deals with the fabrication and engineering of novel nanomaterials with enhanced functionality， particularly nanocomposites and nanostructured surfaces. The study includes two parts; in the first part， bulk transparent polymer-inorganic nanocomposites were produced by a novel synthesis method and its UV-absorption has been investigated. In the second part， nanostructured microporous surface layers， of copper， were fabricated by electrodeposition process and its effect on material’s performance for pool boiling has been investigated evaluated.In the first part of the thesis， bulk polymer-inorganic nanocomposites composed of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and zinc compounds were prepared by an in situ sol-gel transition polymerization of zinc complex in PMMA matrix. The immiscibility of heterophases of solid organic and inorganic constituents was resolved by the in situ sol-gel transition polymerization of ZnO nanofillers within PMMA in the presence of dual functional agent， monoethanolamine， which provided strong secondary interfacial interactions for both complexing and crosslinking of constituents. Comprehensive characterization of the polymer-inorganic hybrid materials has been undertaken using a wide range of techniques; XRD， 1H NMR， FT-IR， TGA， DSC， UV-Vis， ED， SEM， TEM and HRTEM. The homogeneous PMMA-ZnO nanocomposites exhibited enhanced UV-sheltering effects in the entire UV range even at very low ZnO content of 0.02 wt%. 展开

求有关猪伪狂犬病的摘要翻译: 摘要：伪狂犬病（Aujeszky’s disease）是由伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies virus，PRV）引起的家畜和多种野生动物共患的一种传染病。该病在西方一些先进的养猪业发达的国家已经得到控制或根除，但在我国仍肆意横行，已经严重影响了我国养猪业的发展。我国每年都... 摘要：伪狂犬病（Aujeszky’s disease）是由伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies virus，PRV）引起的家畜和多种野生动物共患的一种传染病。该病在西方一些先进的养猪业发达的国家已经得到控制或根除，但在我国仍肆意横行，已经严重影响了我国养猪业的发展。我国每年都会由于猪伪狂犬病的爆发而受到巨大的经济损失。本文对PRV病毒的特点进行了阐述，并通过对国外净化该病的部分措施进行分析，简要提出了国内猪场应该如何控制和净化该病。翻译成英语就行~别用GOOGLE和WORD里的翻译，不好用。谢谢了~ 展开

我有一段英文，看不明白，求翻译: Thetubewillbesupportedbypillarswhichconstrainthetubeintheverticaldirectionbutallowlongitudinalslipforthermalexpansionaswellasdampenedlateralsliptoreducetheriskposedbyeart... The tube will be supported by pillars which constrain the tube in the vertical direction but allow longitudinal slip for thermal expansion as well as dampened lateral slip to reduce the risk posed by earthquakes. In addition， the pillar to tube connection nominal position will be adjustable vertically and laterally to ensure proper alignment despite possible ground settling. These minimally constrained pillars to tube joints will also allow a smoother ride. Specially designed slip joints at each stations will be able take any tube length variance due to thermal expansion. This is an ideal location for the thermal expansion joints as the speed is much lower nearby the stations. It thus allows the tube to be smooth and welded along the high speed gliding middle section. The spacing of the Hyperloop pillars retaining the tube is critical to achieve the design objective of the tube structure. The average spacing is 100 ft (30 m)， which means there will be near 25，000 pillars supporting both tubes and solar panels. The pillars will be 20 ft (6 m) tall whenever possible but may vary in height in hilly areas or where obstacles are in the way. Also， in some key areas， the spacing will have to vary in order to pass over roads or other obstacles. Small spacing between each support reduces the deflection of the tube keeping the capsule steadier and the journey more enjoyable. In addition， reduced spacing has increased resistance to seismic loading as well as the lateral acceleration of the capsule. 有些桥墩与管道之间的细节问题希望能仔细处理清楚，十分感谢！！追加15分！能手动翻译一下吗？！展开

急求帮我翻译一段电力专业英语文章啊！！: What's therole of the Supercapacitor? The supercapacitor resembles a regular capacitorwith the exception that it offers very high capacitance in a small package.Energy storage is by means of static charge rather than of an electro-che... What's therole of the Supercapacitor? The supercapacitor resembles a regular capacitorwith the exception that it offers very high capacitance in a small package.Energy storage is by means of static charge rather than of an electro-chemicalprocess that is inherent to the battery. Applying a voltage differential on thepositive and negative plates charges the supercapacitor. This concept issimilar to an electrical charge that builds up when walking on a carpet. Thesupercapacitor concept has been around for a number of years. Newer designsallow higher capacities in a smaller size. Whereas a regular capacitor consists ofconductive foils and a dry separator， the supercapacitor crosses into batterytechnology by using special electrodes and some electrolyte. There are threetypes of electrode materials suitable for the supercapacitor. They are: highsurface area activated carbons， metal oxide and conducting polymers. The highsurface electrode material， also called Double Layer Capacitor (DLC)， is leastcostly to manufacture and is the most common. It stores the energy in thedouble layer formed near the carbon electrode surface. 展开

急求翻译请帮忙翻译一下这篇英文资料，急用！！！！: Wells-BrookfieldCone/PlateRapidDeterminationOfAbsoluteViscosityIntroductionTheWells-BrookfieldCone/PlateViscometergivesresearchersasophisticatedinstrumentforroutinelydete... Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Rapid Determination Of Absolute Viscosity Introduction The Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscometer gives researchers a sophisticated instrument for routinely determining absolute viscosity of fluids in small sample volumes. Its cone and plate geometry provides the precision necessary for development of complete rheological data. Principle of Operation The Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscometer is a precise torque meter which is driven at discrete rotational speeds. The torque measuring system， which consists of a calibrated beryllium-copper spring connecting the drive mechanism to a rotating cone， senses the resistance to rotation caused by the presence of sample fluid between the cone and a stationary flat plate. The resistance to the rotation of the cone produces a torque that is proportional to the shear stress in the fluid. The amount of torque is indicated either on a dial or digital display， depending on model. This reading is easily converted to absolute centipoise units (mPa.s) from pre-calculated range charts. Alternatively， viscosity can be calculated from the known geometric constants of the cone， the rate of rotation， and the stress related torque. See Range Tables The correct relative position of cone and plate is obtained by following a simple mechanical procedure without the need for external gauges or supplementary instrumentation. The stationary plate forms the bottom of a sample cup which can be removed， filled with .5 ml to 2.0 ml of sample fluid (depending on cone in use)， and remounted without disturbing the calibration. The sample cup is jacketed and has tube fittings for connection to a constant temperature circulating bath. The system is accurate to within ?.0% of the working range. Reproducibility is to within ?.2%. Working temperature range is from 0oC to 100oC. 展开

求翻译英文文献: 2.2. Material Characterizations. A field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM， JEOL 6701F) was used to investigate the morphologies， particle sizes of the samples. Transmission electron microscopy and elemental compositions of the ... 2.2. Material Characterizations. A field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM， JEOL 6701F) was used to investigate the morphologies， particle sizes of the samples. Transmission electron microscopy and elemental compositions of the samples were determined by JEM-2100F (JEOL) coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX， Phoenix) system. Wide-angle and low-angle X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) of the as-obtained samples were recorded on a Rigaku D/max-2500 with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.540 56 Å) operated at 40 kV and 200 mA. Raman measurements were performed using a DXR from Thermo Scientific with a laser wavelength of 532 nm. To calculate the pore size distribution and pore volumes， the nitrogen absorption and desorption isotherms were measured at 77.3 K with an Autosorb-1 specific surface area analyzer from Quantachrome. The content of N in N-doped porous carbon was determined by NHC elemental analysis using Flash EA 1112. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of S/C composite was performed on TG/DTA 6300 in an N2 flow to obtain the S content in the composite. A four-contact method was applied to measure the powder electronic conductivity of porous carbons. The powder sample was pressed to disk at 4 MPa with two stainless-steel plungers， whose resistance was measured by a Keithley 2400 digital multimeter in fourwire mode. The conductivity of the sample was calculated according to the resistance and the size of the disk. Information of the surface elements was obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) performed on the Thermo Scientific ESCALab 250Xi using 200 W monochromatic Al Kα radiation. The 500 μm X-ray spot was used for XPS analysis. The base pressure in the analysis chamber was about 3 × 10−10 mbar. All reported data of XPS binding energy are calibrated based on the hydrocarbon C 1s line at 284.8 eV from adventitious carbon. Spectra were fitted with Lorentzian−Gaussian functions and smart background using Thermo Avantage software. 展开

急求翻译: 我认为一个人应当将自己的优点发挥到极限，这不仅有助于挖掘其自身的Z大价值，而且能够Z大限度地实现其自身的社会价值。我Z大的优点在于经过将近6年在武汉大学的测绘遥感专业的刻苦学习，我打下了一个非常扎实的专业基础。同时，我的思维敏捷，对于地球空... 我认为一个人应当将自己的优点发挥到极限，这不仅有助于挖掘其自身的Z大价值，而且能够Z大限度地实现其自身的社会价值。我Z大的优点在于经过将近6年在武汉大学的测绘遥感专业的刻苦学习，我打下了一个非常扎实的专业基础。同时，我的思维敏捷，对于地球空间信息科研成果与产业化之间的关联，有很灵敏的感触和浓厚的兴趣，富有开创性思维，并有多项目的实践经验。我的缺点是没有一个自己的duchuang的核心理论或者技术，然后我认为这对于我来说也是一个机会。明年的7月份将要取得我的硕士学位，这段时间里我的主要任务是做好毕业设计。我打算毕业后花四年时间在加拿大滑铁卢大学环境学院完成我的博士位，目前我已经收到来滑铁卢大学研究生院的入学邀请。我之所以申请这个博士生项目的原因如下：（1）在我的硕士阶段，我参与了实验室的“5.12地震遥感信息收集与灾情评估项目组”，主要负责搜集加拿大与美国利用雷达影像在防灾减灾中的成功应用。在我这段时间的研究中我发现LiDAR技术是集激光、定位系统(GPS)和惯性导航系统(INS)三种技术与一身的空间测量新技术，其在遥感、测绘、环境监测、防灾减灾中等领域具有广阔的发展前景和应用需求。而加拿大正是以环境管理和激光雷达技术于世，这些都是ZG当前中长期发展急需发展的交叉学科和技术。我在滑铁卢的研究将是“land-based mobile LIDAR data processing and the application for Emergency Response”，相信四年之后，我学成回国，必将能够大显身手、回报祖国。（2）ZG测绘遥感领域在科学研究上已经取得了辉煌的成就，但是在技术产业化以及本行业项目管理上，则远远落后与欧美国家，很多技术的Z高成就是论文而不是产品或者服务。学习与实习并重的合作教育(co-operative education)也是滑铁卢大学同其办学的一大特色，学生在课程进行期间将在相关机构工作以作实习，它目前进行的合作教育计划是Z大。在滑铁卢的学习，我将充分利用合作教育的机会，申请到加拿大空间信息领域的公司实习，学习他们的项目管理经验以及如何将技术转化为应用。回国后，结合ZG的国情，致力于将测绘遥感技术直接GX地应用于服务社会。另外，我得知滑铁卢大学的孔子学院已于去年揭幕。通过我在滑铁卢大学的朋友我也了解到滑铁卢大学的孔子学院目前也十分缺乏中文老师。我已经跟那边的孔子学院的系主任取得联系，他们对我的汉语写作和表达能力十分满意并且欢迎我到他们学院志愿为为学生补习汉语。尽管我的能力有限，但是我会尽力用我的真诚和热情去帮助他们了解和欣赏美丽的ZG语言和文化，一点一点地去用行动实践我的诺言——让自己将来做一个关心社会，对社会的发展有贡献的人。展开

帮忙翻译一段关于方酸染料合成的的英文文献急急急: Synthesisofsquarainedyeswasreportedatleastin1966。Theyarederivedfromsquaricacidwhichundergoesanelectrophilicaromaticsubstitutionreactionwithananilineoranotherelectronrich... Synthesis of squaraine dyes was reported at least in 1966 。They are derived from squaric acid which undergoes an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction with an aniline or another electron rich derivative to form a highly conjugated product with extensive charge distribution. For instance， squaraine dyes are also formed via reaction of squaric acid or its derivatives with so-called "methylene bases" like 2-methyl-indolenines， 2-metyl-benzthiazoles or 2-methyl-benzo-selenazoles. Indolenine-based squaraines combine good photostability including high quantum yields when bound to proteins and reactive versions of these dyes are commonly used as fluorescent probes and labels for biomedical applications . 展开

摘要，关键字翻译: 摘要：从天然食用紫卷心菜中以水作溶剂提取紫红色素，分别用微波和超声波作辅助并对提取温度、时间及次数等工艺条件进了研究。实验结果表明，微波辅助之以水作溶剂提取天然食用紫卷心... 摘要：从天然食用紫卷心菜中以水作溶剂提取紫红色素，分别用微波和超声波作辅助并对提取温度、时间及次数等工艺条件进了研究。实验结果表明，微波辅助之以水作溶剂提取天然食用紫卷心菜中紫红色素效果Z好，Z佳提取条件为：微波火力为80，辐射时间180秒。关键字：紫卷心菜；红色素；提取；微波；超声波。展开

急求英译汉高手（词霸翻译不加分）翻译好了追加50: http://hi.baidu.com/lyl464797826/blog/item/0c12e646eca6ee3287947334.html

想请有理工科背景的英文强人帮忙翻译一段英文信件！: The support module's APD bias has come factory set for an APD multiplication gain between 10 and 20. The APD bias monitor via the BNC connector is provided as a way to check the bias and adjust it as desired. You do not need to have... The support module's APD bias has come factory set for an APD multiplication gain between 10 and 20. The APD bias monitor via the BNC connector is provided as a way to check the bias and adjust it as desired. You do not need to have the APD bias monitored while the module is in operation， but it is good idea to double check its value at least intermittently. A simple voltmeter can be used to check the bias， and any BNC type connection and cabling should work fine. The specifications sheet has a chart showing the APD's DC current and gain versus it bias， as well as a table listing the bias at M=10 and M=20. While a current-limiter in the support module protects from damaging the APD， you must keep the APD bias below breakdown to prevent a noisy output. The SMA outputs are designed for 50-Ohm coax cabling. Since your receiver has 300 MHz output filters most cabling should work fine. Higher frequency RF or microwave rated cabling is not required. Closely matching cable length for the two outputs is required when you are terminating the two outputs differentially， otherwise when using single ended outputs ensure that both outputs are terminated similarly. In terms of the support module's ground， it should be provided through the power supply's IEC connector to a safety earth. For signal integrity the receiver's outputs should be grounded through the SMA coax cabling to whatever instrument you are using read the output， i.e. oscilloscope or counter. The ground plug is an optional ground connected directly to the outputs' SMA coax ground， but it is not required for operation. I am also attaching an electronic copy of the specifications and operations sheets if more copies of it are needed. 展开

高分求高手翻译，不要机械翻译: Bimetallic dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles(DENs)are important materials，because they have demonstrated improvement in performance compared to the monometallic DENs in many systems when they are used as catalysts.This tutorial review fo... Bimetallic dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles(DENs)are important materials，because they have demonstrated improvement in performance compared to the monometallic DENs in many systems when they are used as catalysts.This tutorial review focuses on the recent research advances in bimetallic DENs with respect to their synthesis，characterization，and applications as catalysts.Bimetallic DENs can be made mainly via three routes:co-complexation，sequential loading，and partial displacement.The research in bimetallic DENs has been significantly promoted by the advancement of characterization instruments.The performances of bimetallic DENs as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in organic synthesis have been compared with both monometallic DENs and their physical mixtures.It is concluded that the synergistic electronic effect in bimetallic nanoparticles enhances their catalytic activities. 能翻译多少都可以的展开

急求翻译毕业论文: 我是妇科专业博士，我们学校要求毕业论文写成双语，即要求把中文的翻译成英文，现急求专业翻译人士，请大家提供这方面信息，非常感谢... 我是妇科专业博士，我们学校要求毕业论文写成双语，即要求把中文的翻译成英文，现急求专业翻译人士，请大家提供这方面信息，非常感谢展开

翻译纳米材料摘要（2）: Moreover， the particle size of incorporated ZnO calculated from the effective mass model was close to the results obtained from HRTEM. The synthesis method developed in course of this work can be used for the fabrication of different polym... Moreover， the particle size of incorporated ZnO calculated from the effective mass model was close to the results obtained from HRTEM. The synthesis method developed in course of this work can be used for the fabrication of different polymer-inorganic transparent nanocomposites with other functionalities. In the second part of the thesis， we studied a method for the fabrication of micro-porous surface layer – made of copper nanoparticles – on the surface of copper plates (suitable for heat exchangers). The micro-porous surfaces were formed from dendritic network of copper nanoparticles obtained by electrodeposition from solution using dynamic bubble formation and removal as template. The surface layer engineered and its structures were optimized in order to enhance the boiling heat transfer coefficient. To further optimize the dendritic structure， additional annealing step was introduce and its effect on the surface layer structure and properties were investigated. The properties of the deposited surface structures were investigated and its effect on the enhancement of the heart transfer coefficient has been studied. The fabricated enhanced surface has shown an excellent performance in nucleate boiling. Pool boiling tests were performed on refrigerant fluids (R134a) to evaluate the boiling performance of the electrodeposited nanostructured micro-porous structures. At heat flux of 1 W/cm2， the heat transfer coefficient is enhanced over 15 times compared to a plain reference surface. A model has been presented to explain the enhancement based on the structure characteristics. 展开

帮忙翻译论文摘要: 换热器是化工、炼油、动力、食品、轻工等许多工业部门广泛应用的一种通用设备。其性能的好坏直接影响过程工业热经济性的高低。近年来，由于能源危机，强化传热技术和新型换热器的研究... 换热器是化工、炼油、动力、食品、轻工等许多工业部门广泛应用的一种通用设备。其性能的好坏直接影响过程工业热经济性的高低。近年来，由于能源危机，强化传热技术和新型换热器的研究得了飞速发展。本次的实验是在前人设计的带螺旋折流片（下简称螺旋片）换热器的基础上再在内圆管多加上扰流柱，分析不同操作参数和结构参数条件下流体传热情况，由此得出影响换热器传热性能的条件，为进一步研究静态混合器传热情况和其在实际工程及设计中的应用奠定基础。本文对换热器进行了研究，测得壳程空气进出口温度，利用温差传热，以努塞尔准数作为衡量换热器传热性能的标准，分别考察了雷诺数对努塞尔准数的影响，并与空管进行了比较。换热器器中由于扰流柱的作用，使进入管中的流体在流经扰流柱时产生旋涡，有效地消除了径向主流道的速度梯度和温度梯度。因传热边界层大大减薄，使得边界层内流体不断得到更新，热阻下降，传热过程得到强化。通过实验可以得出一些结论: 由于有螺旋片同扰流柱的存在使得扰动螺旋型换热器的传热效果明显要优于圆滑管型换热器同螺旋型换热器;螺旋片使流体具有向外甩开的离心力，流体在流过扰流柱时因被分流、切割、再生，不仅加速了流速并且在柱后形成涡流，加速壁面流体的更新，减薄粘性边界层底层的厚度，从而提高了传热性能; 同一模型在不同Re下，随着Re的增加，Nu也随着增加，在不计阻力时，模型的传热效果随着Re的增加而提高不要翻译软件翻译的。如果好再加分展开

帮忙翻译论文摘要: 换热器是化工、炼油、动力、食品、轻工等许多工业部门广泛应用的一种通用设备。其性能的好坏直接影响过程工业热经济性的高低。近年来，由于能源危机，强化传热技术和新型换热器的研究... 换热器是化工、炼油、动力、食品、轻工等许多工业部门广泛应用的一种通用设备。其性能的好坏直接影响过程工业热经济性的高低。近年来，由于能源危机，强化传热技术和新型换热器的研究得了飞速发展。本次的实验是在前人设计的带螺旋折流片（下简称螺旋片）换热器的基础上再在内圆管多加上扰流柱，分析不同操作参数和结构参数条件下流体传热情况，由此得出影响换热器传热性能的条件，为进一步研究静态混合器传热情况和其在实际工程及设计中的应用奠定基础。本文对换热器进行了研究，测得壳程空气进出口温度，利用温差传热，以努塞尔准数作为衡量换热器传热性能的标准，分别考察了雷诺数对努塞尔准数的影响，并与空管进行了比较。换热器器中由于扰流柱的作用，使进入管中的流体在流经扰流柱时产生旋涡，有效地消除了径向主流道的速度梯度和温度梯度。因传热边界层大大减薄，使得边界层内流体不断得到更新，热阻下降，传热过程得到强化。通过实验可以得出一些结论: 由于有螺旋片同扰流柱的存在使得扰动螺旋型换热器的传热效果明显要优于圆滑管型换热器同螺旋型换热器;螺旋片使流体具有向外甩开的离心力，流体在流过扰流柱时因被分流、切割、再生，不仅加速了流速并且在柱后形成涡流，加速壁面流体的更新，减薄粘性边界层底层的厚度，从而提高了传热性能; 同一模型在不同Re下，随着Re的增加，Nu也随着增加，在不计阻力时，模型的传热效果随着Re的增加而提高不要在线翻译的。希望帮一忙！如果好再加100分，我现在非常急，马上就要交了。展开

【生物专业英语】摘要翻译: Abstract:Heavymetals，suchascadmium，copper，lead，chromiumandmercury，areimportantenvironmentalpollutants，particularlyinareaswithhighanthropogenicpressure.Theirpresenceinthea... Abstract: Heavy metals， such as cadmium， copper， lead， chromium and mercury， are important environmental pollutants， particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Their presence in the atmosphere， soil and water， even in traces can cause serious problems to all organisms， and heavy metal bioaccumulation in the food chain especially can be highly dangerous to human health. Heavy metals enter the human body mainly through two routes namely: inhalation and ingestion， ingestion being the main route of exposure to these elements in human population. Heavy metals intake by human populations through food chain has been reported in many countries. Soil threshold for heavy metal toxicity is an important factor affecting soil environmental capacity of heavy metal and determines heavy metal cumulative loading limits. For soil-plant system， heavy metal toxicity threshold is the highest permissible content in the soil (total or bioavailable concentration) that does not pose any phytotoxic effects or heavy metals in the edible parts of the crops does not exceed food hygiene standards. Factors affecting the thresholds of dietary toxicity of heavy metal in soil-crop system include: soil type which includes soil pH， organic matter content， clay mineral and other soil chemical and biochemical properties; and crop species or cultivars regulated by genetic basis for heavy metal transport and accumulation in plants. In addition， the interactions of soil-plant root-microbes play important roles in regulating heavy metal movement from soil to the edible parts of crops. Agronomic practices such as fertilizer and water managements as well as crop rotation system can affect bioavailability and crop accumulation of heavy metals， thus influencing the thresholds for assessing dietary toxicity of heavy metals in the food chain. This paper reviews the phytotoxic effects and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables and food crops and assesses soil heavy metal thresholds for potential dietary toxicity. 用翻译软件的免回，哥也有，真诚求助高手！展开

英文高手帮忙翻译一下压力容器方面: 公司接到一个压力容器图纸是英文版的想知道其中的一些意思，原文如下：一TECHNICALDATA:1.MAXIMUMALLOWABLEPRESSURE7.0BAR2.WORKINGPRESSURE5.5+/-1.0BAR3.TESTPRESSURE10.0BAR4.MAXI... 公司接到一个压力容器图纸是英文版的想知道其中的一些意思，原文如下：一 TECHNICAL DATA: 1.MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PRESSURE 7.0BAR 2.WORKING PRESSURE 5.5+/-1.0BAR 3.TEST PRESSURE 10.0BAR 4.MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE TEMPERATURE 70℃ 5.MINIMUM ALLOWABLE TEMPERATURE 0℃ 6.FLUID PREFILL（ISO VG46-HLP） 7.CORROSION ALLOWABLE 2mm 8.VOLUME 38.00L 二 TECHNICAL ACCEPTANCE: 1.CHINA DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY 2.CONFORITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE REPORTS 3.BILL OF MATERIALS 4.INSPECTION DOCUMENTS AND CERTIFICATES FOR USED MATERIALS 5.WELDING MAP 6.LIST OF WELDERS AND THEIR QUALIFICATION CERTIFICATES 7.NDE EXAMINATION REPORTS 8.VT AND MEASUREMENT REPORTS 9.PAINT: EXTERNAL:BLUE RAL 5015 SEMI-GLOSS FINISH INTERNAL:USE SUNCORITE 528 BY HENKEL METAL CHEMICALS TO TREAT INTERNAL SURFACE OF TANK 10.PAINT REPORT 11.TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION AND OPERAING MANUAL 三 NOTES: 1.ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETER UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED. 2.GASKET CONTACK SURFACE OF ALL FLANGES SHALL BE FINISHED WITH 125-250 AARH. 3.INTERNAL WELD SURFACE OF INSTRUMENT NOZZLE TO BE FULLY FLUSHED. 4.PAINT INSIADE AND OUT PER OILGEAR STANDAR SOP-U-002. 5.TATAL WEIGHT OF UNIT ASSEMBLY IS 32，900LB[14，900kg]. 6.DIMENSIONS IN MM. 展开

英语高手帮忙翻译段英文谢谢！！: In this paper， the degradation of an azo dye Orange G (OG) on nitrogen-doped TiO2 photocatalysts has been investigated under visible light and sunlight irradiation. Under visible light irradiation， the doped TiO2 nanocatalysts demonstrated ... In this paper， the degradation of an azo dye Orange G (OG) on nitrogen-doped TiO2 photocatalysts has been investigated under visible light and sunlight irradiation. Under visible light irradiation， the doped TiO2 nanocatalysts demonstrated higher activity than the commercial Dugussa P25 TiO2， allowing more efﬁcient utilization of solar light， while under sunlight， P25 showed higher photocatalytic activity. According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD)， X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–vis spectra analyses， it was found that both the nanosized anatase structure and the appearance of new absorption band in the visible region caused by nitrogen doping were responsible for the signiﬁcant enhancement of OG degradation under visible light. In addition， the photosensitized oxidation mechanism originated from OG itself was also considered contributing to the higher visible-light-induced degradation efﬁciency. The effect of the initial pH of the solution and the dosage of hydrogen peroxide under different light sources was also investigated. Under visible light and sunlight， the optimal solution pH was both 2.0， while the optimal dosage of H2O2 was 5.0 and 15.0 mmol/l， respectively. Azodyes， which are characterized by the presence of one or more azo bonds ( N N )， are among the most notorious widespread environmental pollutants associated with textile，cosmetic， food colorants， printing， and pharmaceutical indus-tries. Because of their non-degradability， toxicity， potential mutagenicity and carcinogenicity， wastewaters originating from these dyes production or application industries pose a major threat to the surrounding ecosystems and human beings’ health.[1–3].Environmental concerns and the need of meeting the strin-gent international standards for rejecting wastewaters has made the development of novel and cost-effective processes for the puriﬁcation of azo dyes efﬂuents an issue of major technological importance. 展开

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